PARAPHRASING
Paraphrasing is necessary in writing,
especially in research writing process. It will help us in combaining two or
more opinion from some experts. So, what is paraphrasing? Paraphrase is a
restatement in your own words of an idea or item of information from the work
of another person. The aim of paraphrasing is to convey
the original meaning but change the words and sentence structure and we must
reference a paraphrase with the author’s name and the year of publication.
To paraphrase we
need to change the the structure of the sentence/s and change the words. Here
is the explanation of each point:
a.
Changing the structure of a sentence
1.
Read the relevant
sentence/s and make sure you understand the main idea. Do not copy them
down.
2.
Put the article or book
away and write your paraphrase from memory. This means that you are not
copying the text word for word.
3.
Ensure that you have
changed the order of words.
4.
To avoid accidental
plagiarism, check what you have written against the original text.
You should check that your version is different and you have retained the
original idea.
b. Changing the words
To
paraphrase a text, follow these steps.
1.
Read
the sentence/paragraph you want to paraphrase a number of times to get the
meaning of the text. Once you understand it, write out the sentence in your own
words. If you do not fully understand the text, do not attempt to paraphrase
it, as you will just copy it.
2.
Circle
the specialised words, i.e. the words that the text is actually about. These
will need to be included in your paraphrase, as without these words, the
meaning of the paraphrase will change completely.
3.
Underline
the keywords that can be changed. You now have a starting point to construct
your paraphrase.
4.
Find
other words and phrases that have similar meanings that can be used to replace
the keywords in the text. Use a thesaurus or dictionary to help if need be.
Example :
In every discipline and in certain genres (such as the empirical
research report), some phrases are so specialized or conventional that you
can’t paraphrase them except by wordy and awkward circumlocutions that would be
less familiar (and thus less readable) to the audience. When you repeat such
phrases, you’re not stealing the unique phrasing of an individual writer but
using a common vocabulary shared by a community of scholars.
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